Communication- Meaning & Types

Communication Cycle

Communication process consists of some interrelated steps or parts through which messages are sent form sender to receiver. The process of communication begins when the sender wants to transmit a fact, idea, opinion or other information to the receiver and ends with receiver’s feedback to the sender. The main components of communication process are sender, message, channel, receiver and feedback. 

Thus, it is clear that communication process is the set of some sequential steps involved in transferring message as well as feedback. The process requires a sender who transmits message through a channel to the receiver. Then the receiver decodes the message and sends back some type of signal or feedback.

Steps or elements of communication process

The communication process refers to the steps through which communication takes place between the sender and the receiver. This process starts with conceptualizing an idea or message by the sender and ends with the feedback from the receiver. In details, communication process consists of the following eight steps:

1. Developing idea by the sender: In the first step, the communicator develops or conceptualizes an idea to be sent. It is also known as the planning stage since in this stage the communicator plans the subject matter of communication.
2. Encoding: Encoding means converting or translation the idea into a perceivable form that can be communicated to others.
3. Developing the message: After encoding the sender gets a message that can be transmitted to the receiver. The message can be oral, written, symbolic or nonverbal. For example, when people talk, speech is the message; when people write a letter, the words and sentences are the message; when people cries, the crying is the message.
4. Selecting the medium: Medium is the channel or means of transmitting the message to the receiver. Once the sender has encoded his into a message, the next step is to select a suitable medium for transmitting it to the receiver. The medium of communication can be speaking, writing, signaling, gesturing etc.
5. Transmission of message: In this step, the sender actually transmits the message through chosen medium. In the communication cycle, the tasks of the sender end with the transmission of the message.
6. Receiving the message by receiver: This stage simply involves the reception of sender’s message by the receiver. The message can be received in the form of hearing, seeing, feeling and so on.
7. Decoding: Decoding is the receiver’s interpretation of the sender’s message. Here the receiver converts the message into thoughts and tries to analyze and understand it. Effective communication can occur only when both the sender and the receiver assign the same or similar meanings to the message.
8. Feedback: The final step of communication process is feedback. Feedback means receiver’s response to sender’s message. It increases the effectiveness of communication. It ensures that the receiver has correctly understood the message. Feedback is the essence of two-way communication.

Qualities of a Good Speaker

1. Stand straight distributing your weight on both the legs. Do not hold onto the mike or to the podium for support. 

2. Have a good posture and appearance. Do not lean on the podium. 

3. Be confident, relaxed and energetic. Do not play with your clothes or fingers. 

4. Wear clothes that befit the occasion. 

5. Convey sincerity, conviction and enthusiasm for the subject. 

6. Begin the speech, after passing for a few seconds, looking over the audience. 

7. Open the speech with a striking, catchy introduction looking into the eyes of the audience. 

8. Have a conversational tone. 

9. Establish eye contact with the audience. 

10. Use gestures to emphasize and clarify your points. 

11. Allow your hands, to fall naturally to your sides, when not gesturing. 

12. Have enough voice projection. 

13. Modulate your voice. 

14. Speak at moderate speed. Do not rush through. 

15. Pause before and after important ideas. 

16. Have pleasant mannerisms. 

17. Do not read your speech. 

18. Manage time. 

19. Close the speech with a striking, impressive, concluding remark. 

20. Stop, while the audience is still eager to hear more. 

Levels of Listening & Barrier to Listening Communication

Levels of Listening

1.    Active Listening
Active listening is a special kind of listening. It is a process of sending back to the speaker what you as a
listener think the speaker meant—both in content and in feelings.
Active listening is less common but more beneficial and in order to get good grades, you have to be able
to really listen to what is being said in the classroom. The most practical reason for a college student to
improve listening skills is that good listeners are not only better students, but they also spend less time on
their studies and enjoy them more than do students who are poor listeners. Students who are attentive in
class and attend class regularly are far more likely to receive higher grades and to learn more.

Characteristics of Active Listeners
1. Active listeners are willing to give the speaker a chance to develop his or her ideas.
2. Active listeners are open-minded about people who look or sound different from themselves.
3. Active listeners can follow several methods of organization—even poorly organized material will be
listened to with some degree of tolerance.
4. Active listeners are likely to listen even more attentively when the material becomes difficult. It
becomes a challenge to them.
2. Protective Listening
Listeners may not listen to a speaker because they have learned to tune out certain kinds of stimuli.
Listeners become speakers, and speakers become listeners and the sequence goes on. As a listener, you
will sometimes hear negative and even hostile expressions aimed directly at you. While no one really
likes to be subjected to hostile remarks, you have to control protective listening so verbal attacks are
perceived without your having to defend or retaliate.
3. Partial Listening
Listening must be a complete process where all the communicative stimuli transmitted by the speaker are
acknowledged and evaluated. Responding to some of the stimuli while ignoring others will make a
listener miss important facts and points that are needed for clarity and understanding.
A speaker’s voice, mannerism, grammar, and pitch will increase or decrease the listener’s tendency for
partial listening. As a listener and a positive speaker, you should consciously control the urge for partial
listening. This will help create an environment that produces greater understanding, and, in turn, more
effective oral communication.
4. Preferential Listening
Listening that is directly affected by a person’s beliefs, interests, or emotions is preferential listening.
Just as people may see what they expect to see, listeners may listen for what they want to hear. Personal
background, experiences, habits, and family tradition will many times change or distort the speaker’s
intended meaning into what the listener really wants to hear. Miscommunication is usually the result of
preferential listening.

Types of Listening

1. Critical Listening
Critical listening is usually needed when we suspect that we may be listening to a biased source of
information. Critical listening is also associated with being able to detect propaganda devices employed
by a communicator.
In adjusting your critical listening, focus on the following guidelines:
• Keep an open mind.
• Avoid filtering out difficult messages.
• Recognize your own biases.
• Avoid uncritical listening when you need to make evaluations and judgments.
• Recognize and combat the normal tendency to sharpen.
• Analyze the audience and adapt the message to the listeners.
• Clearly organize the speech so that the listeners can follow the train of thought.
• What is the speaker purpose? What does the speaker want from the audience? Is the
overall, general purpose to inform or to persuade?
• An intelligent, active listener is aware of the many possible meanings of words and
attempts to place those words in the correct context.
• Can the speech survive tests of evidence and reasoning? Are the main points supported
by relevant facts and opinions? Has the speaker reasoned clearly and logically?
• Does the speaker seem to know or care about what he or she is saying?
• Are the speakers’ verbal and nonverbal messages consistent? Do the nonverbal messages
reinforce the speakers’ thesis?
• Does the speaker establish his or her credibility and behave in ways that enhance
credibility?
• Is the material presented relevant? Is there a point to the speech? (Or do you, the critical
listener, feel like saying “So what?” at the end?
• What is your overall impression of the speech?

2. Empathic Listening
As the term suggests, the listener tries to demonstrate empathy for the speaker. It can also be described as
listening “between the lines”. When we listen between the lines we heighten our awareness and
interpersonal sensitivity to the entire message a person may be trying to communicate.
Empathy is perception and communication by resonance, be identification, by experiencing in ourselves
some reflection of the emotional tone that is being experienced by the other person.
Empathic listening serves as a reward or encouragement to the speaker. It communicates your caring and
acceptance and reaffirms the person’s sense of worth. This style of listening seems to be most important
in terms of strengthening or improving a positive interpersonal relationship between the parties involved.
Empathic listening often requires the opposite frame of mind from that required for critical listening.
Empathic listening implies a willingness not to judge, evaluate, or criticize but rather to be an accepting,
permissive, and understanding listener.

Becoming an empathic requires focusing on the following guidelines:
• A greater emphasis on listening than on talking.
• Responding to that which is personal rather than abstract.
• Following the other in his exploration rather than leading him into areas we think he should
be exploring.
• Clarifying what the other person has said about his own thoughts and feelings rather than
asking questions or telling him what we believe he should be thinking, seeing, or feeling.
• Responding to the feelings implicit in what the other has said rather than the assumptions or
“content” that he has talked about.
• Trying to get into the other person’s inner frame of reference rather than listening and
responding from our own frame of reference.
• The speaker is more apt to keep talking (vs. defending, blaming, shutting down, or
withdrawing). This can build trust, intimacy, and relationships, over time.

Common Barriers to Listening

There are many things that get in the way of listening and you should be aware of these barriers, many of which are bad habits, in order to become a more effective listener.  Barriers and bad habits to effective listening can include:

Trying to listen to more than one conversation at a time, this includes having the television or radio on while attempting to listen to somebody talk; being on the phone to one person and talking to another person in the same room and also being distracted by some dominant noise in the immediate environment.

You find the communicator attractive/unattractive and you pay more attention to how you feel about the communicator and their physical appearance than to what they are saying. Perhaps you simply don't like the speaker - you may mentally argue with the speaker and be fast to criticise, either verbally or in your head.

You are not interested in the topic/issue being discussed and become bored.

Not focusing and being easily distracted, fiddling with your hair, fingers, a pen etc. or gazing out of the window or focusing on objects other than the speaker.

Feeling unwell or tired, hungry, thirsty or needing to use the toilet.

Identifying rather than empathising - understanding what you are hearing but not putting yourself in the shoes of the speaker. As most of us have a lot of internal self-dialogue we spend a lot of time listening to our own thoughts and feelings - it can be difficult to switch the focus from 'I' or 'me' to 'them' or 'you'. Effective listening involves opening your mind to the views of others and attempting to feel empathetic. (See our page: 

What is Empathy? for more information)

Sympathising rather than empathising - sympathy is not the same as empathy, you sympathise when you feel sorry for the experiences of another, to empathise is to put yourself in the position of the other person.

You are prejudiced or biased by race, gender, age, religion, accent, and/or past experiences.

You have preconceived ideas or bias -  effective listening includes being open-minded to the ideas and opinions of others, this does not mean you have to agree but should listen and attempt to understand.

You make judgements, thinking, for example that  a person is not very bright or is under-qualified so there is no point listening to what they have to say.

Previous experiences – we are all influenced by previous experiences in life.  We respond to people based on personal appearances, how initial introductions or welcomes were received and/or previous interpersonal encounters.  If we stereotype a person we become less objective and therefore less likely to listen effectively.

Preoccupation - when we have a lot on our minds we can fail to listen to what is being said as we're too busy concentrating on what we're thinking about. This is particularly true when we feel stressed or worried about issues.

Having a Closed Mind - we all have ideals and values that we believe to be correct and it can be difficult to listen to the views of others that contradict our own opinions. The key to effective listening and interpersonal skills more generally is the ability to have a truly open mind - to understand why others think about things differently to you and use this information to gain a better understanding of the speaker.

Using The Telephone

QUALITIES TO TRANSMIT BY TELEPHONE

FRIENDLINESS - Your voice will carry your attitude over the phone.

CONFIDENCE -  Prepare yourself. This will enable you to speak with confidence. Know your property. Know how to analyze your status data quickly.

INTELLIGENCE - Remember that you are talking with individuals from different backgrounds

and levels of education. Meet your caller on his level.

CLARITY -  It is embarrassing for the listener to ask you to repeat a statement.

CREATIVENESS - If the opportunity avails itself, help solve problems. Use your expertise to offer alternatives he may not have thought of.

ENTHUSIASM - Find out the positive points about your property and concentrate on them.

INTEGRITY - Be honest, If you do not know, admit it & offer to find out. Do not mislead your prospect.

TACTFULNESS - Be tactful in any situation. Try to convince the guest without hurting his feelings.

PRIDE - Take pride in your company and your work. Let the pride reflect in your voice and your speech. Pride generates enthusiasm. Your pride in the hotel will instill interest & confidence in the mind of the caller.

USE OF TELEPHONE BY FRONT OFFICE STAFF

1. The telephone is to be used for reception business. If you want to make a private call, use the private call box in the lobby. If somebody telephones you personally (not on business), keep your conversation as brief as possible and offer to telephone back from the call box when you are free. Unless you do this, you may keep waiting a potential guest who wants to make a booking.

2. When the telephone rings answer it immediately. The call should be attended within three rings. If you are attending to a guest at that time, first answer the phone, excuse yourself. Do not let the telephone ring without answering it. Although it may at times be irritating the telephone should always come before any desk work, but should not take precedence over the guest at the counter with whom you were dealing before the telephone rang.

3. Do not keep the caller waiting for a long time before attending to him.

A caller on the telephone should never be left longer than 45 seconds without somebody picking up the telephone and telling him again “I am sorry to keep you waiting."

4. Answer the telephone by saying, “RECEPTION (inf. or reservation) GOOD MORNING (good afternoon or good evening), MAY I HELP YOU? Do not answer "Hello".

5. Speak clearly. Pronounce the words carefully. The caller may find it more difficult to understand you on the telephone than if you speak to him at the counter.

6. Be brief and to the point, but not abrupt. Remember that telephone time costs money and that the switchboard operator may be holding another call for you.

7. Be polite, friendly and helpful. On the telephone only your voice can indicate the welcome we want every potential guest to receive. Do not interrupt the caller while he is talking. You must never sound short, sharp, irritated and impatient.

8. Be accurate in what you say. The guest wants to have confidence in you. Do not ‘THINK’ or ‘SUPPOSE’ if you do not know the answer; find out and call back.

9. Be courteous in explaining the hotel rules. Do not use the phrase “You have to”, “I suggest” or “would you mind” is preferable. Never argue with the guest, the guest is always right. If you can not deal with a certain problem, inform the seniors in the department, so that they can deal with it.

10. Take the correct name and contact number of the caller. This information will help you if you have telephone the caller back.

11. Finally, Always remember that you represent the hotel or the organisation you are working for when you pick-up a telephone call at work. Caller does not see you or your hotel, so your voice alone has to help the caller become and remain a satisfied customer.

Telephone Etiquette: Thirty-Six Tips

Before you answer be prepared (this includes knowing how to use the phone/system features):

1. Turn away from your computer, desk or other work.

2. Have pens, pencils and notepaper handy.

In answering the phone:

3. Answer calls promptly, by the second or third ring.

4. Smile as you pick up the phone.

5. Assume your "telephone" voice, controlling your volume and speed.

6. Project a tone that is enthusiastic, natural, attentive and respectful.

7. Greet the caller and identify yourself and your company/department/unit.

8. Ask, "To whom am I speaking?"

9. Ask, "How may I help you?"

In the course of the conversation:

10. Focus your entire attention on the caller.

11. Enunciate/articulate clearly. Speak distinctly.

12. Use Plain English and avoid unnecessary jargon and acronyms.

13. Use action specific words and directions.

14. Use the caller's name during the conversation.

15. Always speak calmly and choose your words naturally.

16. Use all of your listening skills:

a. Focus your full attention on the caller and the conversation.

b. Listen "between" the words.

c. Use reflective/active listening to clarify and check for understanding.

17. If there is a problem, project a tone that is concerned, empathetic, and apologetic.

18. Avoid the Five Forbidden Phrases.

a. "I don't know"

Instead, say: "That is a good question; let me find out for you" or offer to connect the caller with someone who could provide the answer.

If a call involves some research, assure the person that you will call back by a specific time.

If you do not have an answer by the deadline, call back to say, “I don’t have an answer yet, but I’m still researching it.” There is no excuse for not returning calls.

b. "I/we can't do that."

Instead say: "This is what I/we can do."

c. "You'll have to"

Instead say: "You will need to" or "I need you to" or “Here’s how we can help you.”

d. "Just a second"

Instead: Give a more honest estimate of how long it will take you and/or let them know what you are doing.

e. "No."

Instead: Find a way to state the situation positively.

19. Use "LEAPS" with the emotional caller to vent.

L Listen; allow the caller to vent.

E Empathize; acknowledge the person's feelings

A Apologize when appropriate, even if the problem is not your fault, you can say, "I am really sorry this has happened" and mean it.

P (Be) Positive

S Solve; suggest/generate solutions that you can both agree on and/or ask what you can do to help and, if reasonable, do it! If not, find a compromise.

In concluding the call:

20. End the conversation with agreement on what is to happen next; if you are to follow-up, do so immediately.

21. Thank the caller for calling; invite the caller to call again.

In transferring calls:

22. Transfer ONLY when necessary; get the information yourself.

23. If you must transfer, avoid the use of the word "transfer." Say instead: "I am going to connect you with".

24. Explain why you are "transferring" the call.

25. Give the caller the person's name and direct number

26. Stay on the line and introduce the caller.

In taking messages:

27. Identify yourself and for whom you are answering the phone.

28. Practice political sensitivity.

29. Indicate the period of time the person will be unavailable.

30. Write down all the important information given:

a. The name of the caller. Ask for spelling if unclear.

b. The (correct) telephone number of the caller.

c. The message. Ask for clarification if necessary.

31. Read back what you've written to be sure you've understood the message correctly.

32. Always assure the person that you will deliver the message promptly.

33. Deliver the message in a timely fashion.

NEVER:

34. Eat, drink or chew gum while on the phone.

35. Leave an open line:

a. Place the caller on hold

b. Check back with the caller frequently: every 30-45 seconds.

ALWAYS:

36. Put a smile in your telephone voice and let your personality shine!

The Complaint Call

Complaint callers who are irate are really saying, "I rate." They have bought into society's "the squeaky

wheel gets the grease" mentality. When that happens, try the EAR method:

E mpathize with the caller.

A pologize and acknowledge the problem.

Accept R esponsibility. (You'll do something.)

Empathize with the caller. This is different from sympathy, where you take on someone else's problem.

Try to understand how the person is feeling.

Apologize and acknowledge the problem. You don't have to agree with the caller, but express regret that there is a problem. People want to be heard, and no one's complaint is trivial.

Each deserves prompt handling, so do not deal with it in a trivial manner.

Accept responsibility. Make sure something is done. Take it upon yourself to DO something.

Many times, that's all that people want: the reassurance that something will be done. People want to be helped. They want to know that you care.

Use these phrases to get that sentiment across: "How can I help you?" "What can I do for you?" "I'll make sure this message/information gets to the right person."

The acceptance of responsibility may be as simple as forwarding the call to the appropriate individual or sending the caller more information.

If you do forward the caller to someone else on your staff, follow up with that person to make sure the caller was taken care of.

If you get an irate caller, or even one who is calm, cool, and collected, here are some more methods to handle complaint calls:

First, don't overreact, especially if the caller starts using "trigger" words or phrases, such as: "I want to talk to someone who knows something." Most people respond by getting defensive when their "hot-button words" are pressed.

Remember, a positive attitude is the most important asset you have.

Second, listen completely to the complaint. Allow the caller the opportunity to vent some frustration.

When you listen, don't try to apply logic to the situation. Many people are beyond logic if they are angry, so accept the feelings being expressed. Avoid argument and criticism.

Third, do not blame anyone -- the caller, yourself, or someone on your staff -- even if you know who is to blame for a problem. This information should not be shared with the caller.

Fourth, paraphrase the caller's comments, and ask questions if you do not understand the information being presented to you. Restate the problem as you understand it.

Fifth, offer solutions and, if appropriate, offer alternatives. Providing alternatives empowers callers. It gives callers a feeling that they were not dictated to and that they were part of the solution.

Finally, confirm the solution with the caller. Make sure the caller agrees with what has been decided.

Of course, not everyone will be happy, no matter what you do. These people will not be content; they just like being grumpy. Usually, these are the people who want to talk to the person "above you." If that is what it takes to lessen their anger, then do so. By the time they have been transferred to a supervisor, they usually have become calmer and less demanding. It seems that they just needed to vent their anger at someone: you. Just remember that most people are not that way and keep a firm grip on that positive attitude of yours.

How do people answer the phone in different parts of the world?

In Spain they say "Get on with it!"

In Italy they say "Ready!"

In the Czech Republic they say "Ahoy!"

In Japan they say "Mushi-mushi!"

In New Zealand they ask "Are you there?"

In Hong Kong they say "Waay!"

In the Netherlands they say "With..."

In Finland they state their full name

Ways to answer the Phone!

"Hi."

"Hola!"

"Hey wassup ?"

"You have reached the residence of ___________, but no one is here right now... so please leave a...."

"Thank you, please pull around."

"Do-do-do- I'm sorry, you call cannot be completed as dialed!"

"Burp!"

"Talk to I!"

"911 Emergency!"

"Pizza Hut, may I take your order?"

Communication Unit-1

Business Communication

Definition: The word “communication” derived from the Latin word ‘communicare’ that means to impart, to  participate, to share or to make common. It is a process of exchange of facts, ideas, opinions and as a means that individual or organization share meaning and understanding with one another. In other  words, it is a transmission and interacting the facts, ideas, opinion, feeling and attitudes. 

The term business communication is used for all messages that we send and receive for official purpose like running a business, managing an organization, conducting the formal affairs of a voluntary organization and so on. Business communication is marked by formality as against personal and social communication.

The success of any business to a large extent depends on efficient and effective communication. It takes place among business entities, in market and market places, within organizations and between various group of employees, owners and employees, buyers and sellers, service providers and customers, sales persons and prospects and also between people within the organization and the press persons.

 A.    Need for Business Communication

Importance of Business Communication

1 . In business, reputation and credibility need to be built up in order to get clients’ trust and confidence. Having a sense of professionalism will bring a lot to the business, especially in a long term relationship with employees and clients.

2. There is a need to make sure that every business deal is attended to promptly. Business communication encompasses not only communicating with external contacts but also with employees within the organization. This will aid the business in being well-organized and every matter whether it is a problem, an inquiry or a sales letter will be attended to properly and promptly.

3. It does not mean that only a client’s inquiry should be responded promptly but also feedbacks or problems arising inside and outside the business as well. This is done to have a balance within the internal and external factors, especially in relation to dealing with people, whether they are employees or other external contacts

 B.   Purpose Of Communication

 1. For instruction: The instructive function unvarying and importantly deals with the

commanding nature. It is more or less of directive nature. Under this, the communicator transmits with necessary directives and guidance to the next level, so as to enable them to accomplish his particular tasks. In this, instructions basically flow from top to the lowerlevel.

 2. For integration: It is consolidated function under which integration of activities is

endeavoured. The integration function of communication mainly involves to  bring about inter-relationship among the various functions of the business organization. It helps in the unification of different management functions.

3. For information: The purposes or function of communication in an organization is to

inform the individual or group about the particular task or company policies and procedures etc. Top management informs policies to the lower level through the middle level. In turn, the lower level informs the top level the reaction through the middle level. Information can flow vertically, horizontally and diagonally across the organization. Becoming informed or inform others is the main purpose of communication.

4. For evaluation: Examination of activities to form an idea or judgement of the worth of task is achieved through communication. Communication is a tool to appraise the individual or team, their contribution to the organization. Evaluating one’s own inputs or other’s outputs or some ideological scheme demands an adequate and effective communication process.

5. For direction: Communication is necessary to issue directions by the top management or manager to the lower level. Employee can perform better when he is directed by his senior. Directing others may be communicated either orally or in writing. An order may be common order, request order or implied order.

6. For teaching: The importance of personal safety on the job has been greatly recognized. A complete communication process is required to teach and educate workers about personal safety on the jobs. This communication helps the workers to avert accidents, risk etc. and avoid cost, procedures etc.

7. For influencing: A complete communication process is necessary in influencing others or being influenced. The individual having potential to influence others can easily persuade others. It implies the provision of feedback which tells the effect of communication.

 

8. For image building: A business enterprise cannot isolate from the rest of the society. There is interrelationship and interdependence between the society and an enterprise operating in the society. Goodwill and confidence are necessarily created among the public. Through an effective external communication system, an enterprise has to inform the society about its goals, activities, progress and social responsibility.

9. For employees orientation: When a new employee enter into the organization at that time he or she will be unknown to the organization programs, policies, culture etc. Communication helps to make people acquainted with the co-employees, superior and with the policies, objectives, rules and regulations of the organization.

10. Other: Effective decision-making is possible when required and adequate information is supplied to the decision-maker. Effective communication helps the process of decision-making. In general, everyone in the organization has to provide with necessary information so as to enable to discharge tasks effectively and efficiently.

 C. Nature of Business communication:

To understand the complexity of ‘business’ in today’s world

• To appreciate the role of persuasion in business communication

• To be aware of the key guiding principles of business communication

• To appreciate the role of business communication in effective leadership

D. Business communication models

Depending on the product or service a company offers, it seeks a communication style that contributes to its process and, therefore, overall success. Read around and you'll find different business communication experts and leaders giving recipes for success that include frequent, open and thorough communication. For many of America's leading companies, this outlook has held true. However, variations in situations and goals mean there are numerous ways to handle communication.

Empowerment

Companies that thrive of innovation, creativity and expansion often subscribe to the empowerment model of communication. Empowerment means giving employees more autonomy and latitude to come up with ideas, own responsibility and take on tasks. The foundation of this employee-driven work approach is giving employees a voice by encouraging them to step forward with ideas for new products and processes. Empowerment managers engage employees in conversation, elicit input in decision-making and foster safe environments in which brainstorming and creative thinking are the norm. The empowerment model involves two-way and multi-way conversations.

Controlled

When precise work with significant controls are required, management typically keeps communication controlled and top-down. Work environments with significant security risks typically divide knowledge and duties to prevent enabling anyone from being able to steal or sabotage. Banks are an excellent example. Tellers know how to run specific transactions and very little else about the bank's larger policies and operations. Branch managers oversee teller cash handling and check to make sure there is no theft but have little latitude to change bank product or service policies. Until you reach the very top levels, employees and even mid-level managers have specific duties and scopes. The divisions make sure no one is in a position to mishandle or misappropriate large sums of money. Military and scientific research organizations often have similar approaches. People are told what upper management feels they need to know.

Branding

Companies want to imprint their name and logo in your mind. Retail product manufacturers and retailers, in particular make strong efforts at branding, although many businesses that sell to business try focus on branding themselves within a particular industry. They focus their advertising, packaging, decor and presentation to convey a set of values or concepts their companies embody. In their communications to customers and clients, they tell more about themselves and less about the specific product. The intended result is a strong association on the part of the consumer. "Company X is cool." "Company Y is a great value." "Company Z has the best selection, I should check with them first."

Direct Marketing

Representatives come to your door. Perhaps you only learn about their product through postcards or mailers. Companies which use direct marketing want to keep the communication between you and them -- no advertising middle-men. There are several reasons companies choose to employ direct marketing and direct sales for their communications model. One is to create an intimate relationship between company and customers. Another has to do with cost savings. You can reach more people per dollar with direct mail and email blasts than you can with broadcast advertising. Representatives usually only get paid commission -- so their labor is free until it's successful. Whatever the reasoning, it's highly successful for a number of large, well-known cosmetic and home-product companies.

E.  Barriers to Communication

There are many reasons why interpersonal communications may fail. In many communications, the message may not be received exactly the way the sender intended and hence it is important that the communicator seeks feedback to check that their message is clearly understood.

There exist many barriers to communication and these may occur at any stage in the communication process. Barriers may lead to your message becoming distorted and you therefore risk wasting both time and money by causing confusion and misunderstanding. Effective communication involves overcoming these barriers and conveying a clear and concise message. Some common barriers to effective communication include:

·         The use of jargon, over-complicated or unfamiliar terms.

·         Emotional barriers and taboos.

·         Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver.

·         Differences in perception and viewpoint.

·         Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.

·         Physical barriers to non-verbal communication.

·         Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.

·         Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping. People often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump to incorrect conclusions.

·         Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do the way in which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept of personal space varies between cultures and between different social settings.

A skilled communicator must be aware of these barriers and try to reduce their impact by continually checking understanding and by offering appropriate feedback.

F.  OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION

There are a lot of communication barriers faced these days by all. The message intended by the sender is not understood by the receiver in the same terms and sense and thus communication breakdown occurs. It is essential to deal and cope up with these communication barriers so as to ensure smooth and effective communication. As, in the previous section we have discussed the major barriers of communication. Let’s talk about how to overcome these barriers of communication.

1. Eliminating differences in perception: The organization should ensure that it is recruiting right individuals on the job. It’s the responsibility of the interviewer to ensure that the interviewee has command over the written and spoken language. There should be proper Induction program so that the policies of the company are clear to all the employees. There should be proper trainings conducted for required employees (for eg: Voice and Accent training).

2. Use of Simple Language: Use of simple and clear words should be emphasized. Use of ambiguous words and jargons should be avoided.

3. Reduction and elimination of noise levels: Noise is the main communication barrier which must be overcome on priority basis. It is essential to identify the source of noise and then eliminate that source.

4. Active Listening: Listen attentively and carefully. There is a difference between “listening” and “hearing”. Active listening means hearing with proper understanding of the message that is heard. By asking questions the speaker can ensure whether his/her message is understood or not by the receiver in the same terms as intended by the speaker.

5. Emotional State: During communication one should make effective use of body language. He/she should not show their emotions while communication as the receiver might misinterpret the message being delivered. For example, if the conveyer of the message is in a bad mood then the receiver might think that the information being delivered is not good.

6. Simple Organizational Structure: The organizational structure should not be complex. The number of hierarchical levels should be optimum. There should be a ideal span of control within the organization. Simpler the organizational structure, more effective will be the communication.

7. Avoid Information Overload: The managers should know how to prioritize their work. They should not overload themselves with the work. They should spend quality time with their subordinates and should listen to their problems and feedbacks actively.

8. Give Constructive Feedback: Avoid giving negative feedback. The contents of the feedback might be negative, but it should be delivered constructively. Constructive feedback will lead to effective communication between the superior and subordinate.

9. Proper Media Selection: The managers should properly select the medium of communication. Simple messages should be conveyed orally, like: face to face interaction or meetings. Use of written means of communication should be encouraged for delivering complex messages. For significant messages reminders can be given by using written means of communication such as : Memos, Notices etc.

10.Flexibility in meeting the targets: For effective communication in an organization the managers should ensure that the individuals are meeting their targets timely without skipping the formal channels of communication. There should not be much pressure on employees to meet their targets.